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L'Arsenal 2.0 14404 French Space launcher program-Vol3 - THE ´PRECIOUS STONESª

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In parallel with the successful solid fuelled rockets the ballistic missile programme still included a liquid fuelled rst stage in order to avoid any risk of failure in a one-way design. Emeraude, a scaled-up version of Vesta test vehicle was designed in 1960. This included a new gimballed, more powerful Vexin engine which burned the same white fuming nitric acid and turpentine and retained an enlarged Vesta type tank pressurization system by water-cooled gases from an internal powder generator.
When adopted in 1960 these propellants, although exceeded in performance by modern UDMH-nitrogen tetroxide looked well proven and cheaper in handling. The system, at last, didn’t need a turbopump.
The Emeraude programme started in January of 1960, representing a 300% increase in size. Technicians soon encountered pogo eect in the large nitric acid reservoir, which was corrected by tting a oating bae in the
tank.
21 ground tests (18 successful) qualied the Emeraude for a rst ight on June 15th, 1964. Three success and two failures later LRBA set in May 1965 the VE-231 Saphir by tting a Topaze powder second stage on top with a
new equipment bay and reentry probe.
The Saphir programme served as qualication tests for the coming national SLBMs :
VE-231 P (P= piloted) : basic version, three ights (one failure) by the end of 1965.
VE-231 G (G= guidance) : guided version, six ights in 1966-67.
VE-231 R (R= reentry) : test for a bigger reentry probe. Six ights (one failure) in 1966.
As soon as 1960 the CNES civilian agency proposed a space launcher based on Saphir. A rst proposals was for a 25kg payload with a liquid fueled rst and powder fueled second and third stages. By 1961 this had grown to 50kg in a 300km orbit for a 1964 launch. SEREB proposed a liquid/ solid/ solid option with 80kg in orbit by 1965 and a 3x solid with 100kg in orbit for 1966. First option was selected in December of 1961 and named Diamant A. The Army kept control of the launcher but CNES supplied the third stage, equipment bay and satellite.
First the new components (third stage, equipment bay and technology capsule) had to be tested in ight atop an Agate booster, givin the VE-210 Rubis in 1964.
At last on November 25th, 1965 Diamant A #1 successfully launched the A-1 (A= Army) capsule into orbit, soon named Asterix. This was the rst satellite launched with a national vehicle, thus making France the third nation to enter the space race.
Three true geodetic satellites followed:
D-1A Diapason (test) in Feb. 66,
D-1C Diadème 1 and D1-D Diadème 2 in Feb. 67.
As soon as 1962 a more powerfull version, “Diamant Opérationnel” was designed as an equivalent to the Scout launcher and the subsequent Diamant B was authorized on June 30th, 1967.
This time the rst stage was replaced with a bigger one, L-17 Améthyste, which burned UDMH and Nitrogen tetroxide as on American Titan missiles.
A new engine, Valois, replaced the Vexin and included the same propulsion system as on Coralie, the French built second stage of doomed Europa European launcher. Gas generator would remain the same as before but burned the same propellants as Valois and feeded two roll control verniers.
Diamant B was an overall success with ve launches:
10/10/1970 (DIAL (MIKA + WIKA),
12/12/1970 (Péole), 04/15/1971 (D-2A Tournesol),
12/05/1971 (D-2A Polaire - failure),
05/20/1973 (D-5A Castor et D-5B Pollux - failure).
By the end of 1970 a more powerful launcher was needed. SEREB proposed a family of rockets, among them a Diamant BC launcher with a P-4 Rita second stage from the SLBM programme, a fourth stage apogee motor
and a larger fairing.
By the same period the Europa programme nally was cancelled and France was given back extra funds to be aimed at Diamant and this launcher’s component were now ten years old and urgently needed a
major updating.
French government decided to go with a smaller and cheaper interim launcher by cancelling the fourth stage and using a fairing from the also cancelled British Black Arrow program, making the Diamant BP-4. This was suitable for 1974-75 planned satellites and would ll the gap until a new, bigger launcher was being made available, called L-433.
This soon was also cancelled and replaced by the even larger L-3S Véga, soon to become Ariane.
Diamant B-P4 was a success with three ights:
02/06/1975 (Starlette),
05/17/1975 (D-5A et D-5B)
and 09/27/1975 (D-2B Aura).
With Aura the French national space launcher programme came to a close, ten years after the rst Diamant and to give way with the European Ariane in 1979.

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